Resonant Raman scattering of few layers CrBr3.

We investigate the vibrational and magnetic properties of thin layers of chromium tribromide (CrBr3) with a thickness ranging from three to twenty layers (3-20 L) revealed by the Raman scattering (RS) technique. Systematic dependence of the RS process efficiency on the energy of the laser excitation is explored for four different excitation energies: 1.96 eV, 2.21 eV, 2.41 eV, and 3.06 eV. Our characterization demonstrates that for 12 L CrBr3, 3.06 eV excitation could be considered resonant with interband electronic transitions due to the enhanced intensity of the Raman-active scattering resonances and the qualitative change in the Raman spectra. Polarization-resolved RS measurements for 12 L CrBr3 and first-principles calculations allow us to identify five observable phonon modes characterized by distinct symmetries, classified as the A g and E g modes. The evolution of phonon modes with temperature for a 16 L CrBr3 encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride flakes demonstrates alterations of phonon energies and/or linewidths of resonances indicative of a transition between the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic state at Curie temperature ( T C ≈ 50  K). The exploration of the effects of thickness on the phonon energies demonstrated small variations pronounces exclusively for the thinnest layers in the vicinity of 3-5 L. We propose that this observation can be due to the strong localization in the real space of interband electronic excitations, limiting the effects of confinement for resonantly excited Raman modes to atomically thin layers.

Aquasomal drug delivery system: A special emphasis on the formulation techniques and applications / Sistema de administración de fármacos Aquasomal: Especial énfasis en las técnicas de formulación y aplicaciones

Introducción: Aquasome es un sistema portador de nanopartículas autoensamblado con tres capas. El sistema se compone de un núcleo sólido nanocristalino interno recubierto de oligómero polihidroxilado. Adsorbidas en la capa recubierta se encuentran moléculas de fármacos o compuestos bioquímicamente activos. El autoensamblaje en este sentido se refiere a la formación independiente de moléculas en patrones organizados, de larga duración y con enlaces no covalentes. nueva tecnología de administración de fármacos. El artículo aborda principalmente los procesos de formulación utilizados para crear nanoestructuras autoensambladas y sus diversas aplicaciones posibles. Método: En la búsqueda bibliográfica se utilizaron varias bases de datos en línea, incluidas Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar y Scopus. Se realizaron búsquedas en los conjuntos de datos en busca de entradas de estudios hasta julio de 2023. El documento de revisión aborda especialmente muchos elementos de la formación de aquasomas por parte de varios investigadores que emplean métodos/técnicas modificadas como la coprecipitación, la autoprecipitación, la pulverización catódica, etc. También ilustra una variedad de campos de terapia en los que se ha reconocido que el aquasoma tiene una gran influencia, como el oxígeno y el transporte de extractos. Resultados: El núcleo sólido es responsable de brindar estabilidad estructural, mientras que el recubrimiento oligomérico es crucial para proteger contra la deshidratación y estabilizar las moléculas bioactivas. Este vehículo de administración de fármacos biodegradable a escala nanométrica muestra una tendencia a acumularse en el hígado y los músculos. La no modificación de la adsorción del fármaco en la superficie del aquasoma facilita una respuesta farmacológica rápida al permitir el reconocimiento sin obstrucciones del receptor en el sitio de acción. (AU)

Introduction: Aquasome is a self-assembled nanoparticulate carrier system with three layers. The system is made up of a polyhydroxy oligomer-coated inner nanocrystalline solid core. Adsorbed on the coated layer are drug mole-cules or biochemically active compounds. Self-assembly in this sense refers to the independent formation of mole-cules into organised, long-lasting, and non-covalently bonded patterns.This paper gives an overview of aquasome formation, covering structural properties, formulation methodologies, and the benefits and drawbacks of this novel drug delivery technology. The article primarily addresses the formulation processes used to create self-assembled nanostructures and their various possible applications.Method: Several online databases, including Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus, were used in the literature search. The datasets were searched for entries of studies up to July, 2023. The review paper especially addresses many elements of aquasome formation by various researchers employing methods/modified techniques such as co-precipitation, self-precipitation, sputtering, and and so forth. It also illustrates a variety of fields of therapy in which aquasome has been recognised to have a major influence, such as oxygen and extract carrier.Results: The solid core is responsible for providing structural stability, while the oligomeric coating is crucial for safeguarding against dehydration and stabilising the bioactive molecules. This biodegradable drug delivery vehicle at the nanoscale level exhibits a tendency to accumulate in the liver and muscles. The non-modification of drug adsorption onto the aquasome surface facilitates prompt pharmacological response by allowing unobstructed re-ceptor recognition at the action site. (AU)

Excitation-Dependent High-Lying Excitonic Exchange via Interlayer Energy Transfer from Lower-to-Higher Bandgap 2D Material.

High light absorption (∼15%) and strong photoluminescence (PL) emission in monolayer (1L) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) make them ideal candidates for optoelectronic device applications. Competing interlayer charge transfer (CT) and energy transfer (ET) processes control the photocarrier relaxation pathways in TMD heterostructures (HSs). In TMDs, long-distance ET can survive up to several tens of nm, unlike the CT process. Our experiment shows that an efficient ET occurs from the 1Ls WSe2-to-MoS2 with an interlayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), due to the resonant overlapping of the high-lying excitonic states between the two TMDs, resulting in enhanced HS MoS2 PL emission. This type of unconventional ET from the lower-to-higher optical bandgap material is not typical in the TMD HSs. With increasing temperature, the ET process becomes weaker due to the increased electron-phonon scattering, destroying the enhanced MoS2 emission. Our work provides new insight into the long-distance ET process and its effect on the photocarrier relaxation pathways.

A Review Of Preclinical Tools To Validate Anti-Diarrheal Agents.

BACKGROUND: Since their inception, preclinical experimental models have played an important role in investigating and characterizing disease pathogenesis. These in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro preclinical tests also aid in identifying targets, evaluating potential therapeutic drugs, and validating treatment protocols. INTRODUCTION: Diarrhea is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, particularly among children in developing countries, and it represents a huge health-care challenge on a global scale. Due to its chronic manifestations, alternative anti-diarrheal medications must be tested and developed because of the undesirable side effects of currently existing anti-diarrheal drugs. METHODS: Several online databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus, were used in the literature search. The datasets were searched for entries of studies up to May, 2022. RESULTS: The exhaustive literature study provides a large number of in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo models, which have been used for evaluating the mechanism of the anti-diarrheal effect of drugs in chemically-, pathogen-, disease-induced animal models of diarrhea. The advances and challenges of each model were also addressed in this review. CONCLUSION: This review encompasses diverse strategies for screening drugs with anti-diarrheal effects and covers a wide range of pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms linked to diarrhea, with a particular emphasis on the challenges of evaluating and predictively validating these experimental models in preclinical studies. This could also help researchers find a new medicine to treat diabetes more effectively and with fewer adverse effects.

Structure of the moiré exciton captured by imaging its electron and hole.

Interlayer excitons (ILXs) - electron-hole pairs bound across two atomically thin layered semiconductors - have emerged as attractive platforms to study exciton condensation1-4, single-photon emission and other quantum information applications5-7. Yet, despite extensive optical spectroscopic investigations8-12, critical information about their size, valley configuration and the influence of the moiré potential remains unknown. Here, in a WSe2/MoS2 heterostructure, we captured images of the time-resolved and momentum-resolved distribution of both of the particles that bind to form the ILX: the electron and the hole. We thereby obtain a direct measurement of both the ILX diameter of around 5.2 nm, comparable with the moiré-unit-cell length of 6.1 nm, and the localization of its centre of mass. Surprisingly, this large ILX is found pinned to a region of only 1.8 nm diameter within the moiré cell, smaller than the size of the exciton itself. This high degree of localization of the ILX is backed by Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations and demonstrates that the ILX can be localized within small moiré unit cells. Unlike large moiré cells, these are uniform over large regions, allowing the formation of extended arrays of localized excitations for quantum technology.

Dominating Interlayer Resonant Energy Transfer in Type-II 2D Heterostructure.

Type-II heterostructures (HSs) are essential components of modern electronic and optoelectronic devices. Earlier studies have found that in type-II transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) HSs, the dominating carrier relaxation pathway is the interlayer charge transfer (CT) mechanism. Here, this report shows that, in a type-II HS formed between monolayers of MoSe2 and ReS2, nonradiative energy transfer (ET) from higher to lower work function material (ReS2 to MoSe2) dominates over the traditional CT process with and without a charge-blocking interlayer. Without a charge-blocking interlayer, the HS area shows 3.6 times MoSe2 photoluminescence (PL) enhancement as compared to the MoSe2 area alone. In a completely encapsulated sample, the HS PL emission further increases by a factor of 6.4. After completely blocking the CT process, more than 1 order of magnitude higher MoSe2 PL emission was achieved from the HS area. This work reveals that the nature of this ET is truly a resonant effect by showing that in a similar type-II HS formed by ReS2 and WSe2, CT dominates over ET, resulting in a severely quenched WSe2 PL. This study not only provides significant insight into the competing interlayer processes but also shows an innovative way to increase the PL emission intensity of the desired TMD material using the ET process by carefully choosing the right material combination for HS.

Experimental measurement of the intrinsic excitonic wave function.

An exciton, a two-body composite quasiparticle formed of an electron and hole, is a fundamental optical excitation in condensed matter systems. Since its discovery nearly a century ago, a measurement of the excitonic wave function has remained beyond experimental reach. Here, we directly image the excitonic wave function in reciprocal space by measuring the momentum distribution of electrons photoemitted from excitons in monolayer tungsten diselenide. By transforming to real space, we obtain a visual of the distribution of the electron around the hole in an exciton. Further, by also resolving the energy coordinate, we confirm the elusive theoretical prediction that the photoemitted electron exhibits an inverted energy-momentum dispersion relationship reflecting the valence band where the partner hole remains, rather than that of conduction band states of the electron.

Directly visualizing the momentum-forbidden dark excitons and their dynamics in atomically thin semiconductors.

Resolving momentum degrees of freedom of excitons, which are electron-hole pairs bound by the Coulomb attraction in a photoexcited semiconductor, has remained an elusive goal for decades. In atomically thin semiconductors, such a capability could probe the momentum-forbidden dark excitons, which critically affect proposed opto-electronic technologies but are not directly accessible using optical techniques. Here, we probed the momentum state of excitons in a tungsten diselenide monolayer by photoemitting their constituent electrons and resolving them in time, momentum, and energy. We obtained a direct visual of the momentum-forbidden dark excitons and studied their properties, including their near degeneracy with bright excitons and their formation pathways in the energy-momentum landscape. These dark excitons dominated the excited-state distribution, a surprising finding that highlights their importance in atomically thin semiconductors.

Approaching completely continuous centimeter-scale graphene by copolymer-assisted transfer.

Transferring graphene from copper foil to a target substrate should ideally be a nondestructive process, but cracks, holes, and wrinkles have proved difficult to prevent. Here we report a method in which we use a commercially available copolymer in addition to poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) to obtain 99.8% continuous centimeter-scale transferred graphene. Our findings are based on characterization using Raman spectroscopy, quantitative image analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Compared to conventional methods, this copolymer-assisted approach not only results in fewer holes, but also effectively eliminates cracks and wrinkles. We attribute this to a more thorough relaxation of the initially deposited PMMA by solvent contained in the thicker copolymer layer. This results in improved contact at the PMMA-graphene interface before removal of the underlying copper substrate.